Cumbie, A.N., E.L. Heller, Z.J. Bement, A. Phan, E.L. Walters, W.L. Hynes, H.D. Gaff. 2021. Passerine birds as hosts for Ixodes ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in southeastern Virginia. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 12: 101650 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101650
Cumbie, A.N., Espada C.D., Nadolny, R.M. Rose, R.K., Dueser, R. D., Hynes, W.L., and Gaff, H.D. 2020. Survey of Rickettsia parkeri and Amblyomma maculatum associated with small mammals in southeastern Virginia. Ticks Tick. Dis.. 11: 101550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101550
Brinkerhoff, R.J., C. Clark, K. Ocasio, D.T. Gauthier, and W.L. Hynes. 2020. Factors affecting the microbiome of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum. PLOS ONE. 15(5): e0232398. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232398
Cumbie A, E. Walters, H. Gaff, H., and Hynes, W. 2019. First report of Candidatus Rickettsia mendelii in Ixodes brunneus from United States. Ticks Tick.Dis. 11: 101309 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101309
Kelman, P., C. Thompson, W. Hynes, C.J. Bergman, C. Lenahan, J.S. Brenner, M. Brenner, B. Goodman, D. Borges, M. Filak, and H. Gaff. 2018. Rickettsia parkeri infections diagnosed by eschar biopsy Virginia, USA. Infection: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-018-1120-x.
Heller, E. L., C.L. Wright, R.M. Nadolny, W.L. Hynes, H.D. Gaff, E.L. Walters. 2016. New records of Ixodes affinis parasitizing avian hosts in southeastern Virginia. J. Med. Entomol. 53: 441-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjv175
Hynes W. and M. Sloan. 2016 Secreted Extracellular Virulence Factors. In: Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet]. Ferretti J.J., D.L. Stevens, V.A. Fischetti (eds). Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333411/
Wright, C.L., H.D. Gaff, D.E. Sonenshine and W.L. Hynes. 2015. Rickettsia parkeri Transmission to Amblyomma americanum by Cofeeding with Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) and Potential for Spillover. J. Med. Entomol. 52: 1090-1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjv086
Wright, C.L., H.D. Gaff, D.E. Sonenshine and W.L. Hynes. 2015. Experimental Vertical Transmission of Rickettsia parkeri in the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum. Ticks and Tick-borne diseases. 6: 568-573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.04.011
Wright, C.L., H.D. Gaff and W.L. Hynes. 2014. Prevalence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis collected from southeastern Virginia, 2010-2011. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 5: 978-982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.07.023
Wright, C.L., W.L. Hynes, B.T. White, M.N. Marshall, H.D. Gaff, and D.T. Gauthier. 2014. Single-tube real-time PCR assay for differentiation of Ixodes affinis and Ixodes scapularis. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 5: 48-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.08.003
Nadolny, R.M., C.L. Wright, D.E. Sonenshine, W. L. Hynes, and H.D Gaff. 2014. Ticks and spotted fever group rickettsiae of southeastern Virginia. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 5:53-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.08.003
Hynes, W.L. 2014. How ticks control microbes: innate immune responses. In: Biology of Ticks Vol 2 (Sonenshine, D.E. and R.M. Roe eds). pp129-146. Oxford University Press, NY.
Dobbs, F.C., A.L. Goodrich, F.K. Thomson III and W. L. Hynes. 2013. Pandemic serotypes of Vibrio cholerae isolated from ships’ ballast tanks and coastal waters: Assessment of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes (tcpA and ctxA). Microbial Ecology. 65: 969-974. doi: 10.1007/s00248-013-0182-7
Luce-Fedrow, A., C. Wright, H. Gaff, D. Sonenshine, W. Hynes & A Richards. 2012.In vitro propagation of Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae isolated from Amblyomma maculatum. FEMS Immunol. & Med. Microbiol. 64: 74-81 doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00905.x
Nadolny, R.M., C. L. Wright, W. L. Hynes, D. E. Sonenshine & H. D. Gaff. 2011. Ixodes affinis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeastern Virginia and implications for the spread of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease. J. Vector Ecology. 36: 464-467 doi: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00191.x
Wright, C.L., R. M. Nadolny, J. Jiang, A. L. Richards, D. E. Sonenshine, H. D. Gaff, W. L. Hynes. 2011. Rickettsia parkeri in Gulf Coast ticks, Southeastern Virginia, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17: 896-898. doi: 10.3201/eid1705.101836
Laroussi, M., E, Karakas, & W. Hynes. 2011. Influence of Cell Type, Initial Concentration, and Medium on the Inactivation Efficiency of Low-Temperature Plasma. IEEE Transact Plasma Sci. 39: 2960-2961. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2011.2143731
Mahasneh, A., M. Darby, S.L. Tolle, W.L. Hynes, M. Laroussi, and E. Karakas. 2011. Inactivation of Porphyromonas gingivalis by Low-Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma. Plasma Medicine, 1: 191- 204.
Hynes, W., C. Johnson and M. Stokes. 2009. A single nucleotide mutation results in loss of enzymatic activity in the hyaluronate lyase gene of Streptococcus pyogenes. Microbial Path. 47: 308-313. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2009.09.008
Turner, L.A., G.B. McCombs, W.L. Hynes, S.L. Tolle. 2009. A novel approach to controlling bacterial contamination on toothbrushes: chlohexidine coating. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 7: 241-245 doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00352.x
Morris, A.D., G.B. McCombs, T. Akan, W. Hynes, M. Laroussi, S.L. Tolle. 2009. Cold Plasma Technology: Bactericidal effects on Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus cereus microorganisms. J. Dent. Hyg. 83: 55 – 61
B. Wyatt, K.B, P. F. Campos, M. T. P. Gilbert, S.-O. Kolokotronis, W.L. Hynes, R. DeSalle, S. J. Ball, P. Daszak, R. D. E. MacPhee, A. D. Greenwood. 2008. Historical mammal extinction on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) correlates with introduced infectious disease. PLoS ONE: 3(11): e3602. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003602.
Laroussi, M., W. Hynes, T. Akan, X. Lu, and C. Tendero. 2008. The Plasma Pencil: a source of hypersonic cold plasma bullets for biomedical applications. IEEE Transact. Plasma Sci. 36: 1298-1299
Hynes, W. L., M. M. Stokes, S. M Hensley, S. M. Todd, and D. E. Sonenshine. 2008. Using RNA interference to determine the role of varisin in the innate immune system of the hard tick Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Appl. Acarol. 46: 7-15. doi: 10.1007/s10493-008-9158-6
Kocan, K.M, J. de la Fuente, R. Manzano-Roman, V. Naranjo, D. E. Sonenshine and W. L. Hynes. 2008. Silencing expression of the defensin, varisin, in male Dermacentor variabilis by RNA interference results in reduced Anaplasma marginale infections. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 46:17-28. doi: 10.1007/s10493-008-9159-5
Sonenshine, D.E. and W.L. Hynes. 2008. Molecular characterization and related aspects of the innate immune response in ticks. Front. Biosci. 13: 7046-7063. doi: 10.2741/3209
M. Todd, D.E. Sonenshine and W.L. Hynes. 2007. Tissue and life stage distribution of a defensin-like gene in the Lone Star tick Amblyomma americanum. Med. Vet. Entomol. 21: 141-147. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2007.00682.x
Marshall, H.G., P.E. Hargraves, J.M. Burkholder, M.P. Parrow, M. Elbrachter, E.H. Allen, V.M. Knowlton, P.A. Rublee, W.L. Hynes, T.A. Egerton, D.L. Remington, K.B. Wyatt, A.J. Lewitus and V.C. Henrich. 2006. Taxonomy of Pfiesteria (Dinophyceae). Harmful Algae 5: 481-496.
Laroussi, M., C. Tendero, X. Lu, S. Alla, and W.L. Hynes. 2006. Inactivation of bacteria by the Plasma Pencil. Plasma Process. Polym. 3: 470-473
Sonenshine, D.E., W.L. Hynes, S.M. Ceraul, R. Mitchell and T. Benzine. 2005. Host blood proteins and peptides in the midgut of the tick Dermacentor variabilis (Say) contribute to bacterial control. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 36: 207-223. Doi: 10.1007/s10493-005-2564-0
W.L. Hynes, S.M. Ceraul, S.M. Todd, K.C. Seguin, and D.E. Sonenshine. 2005. A defensin-like gene expressed in the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Med. Vet. Entomol. 19: 339-344. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2005.00579.x
Hynes, W.L. 2004. Extracellular virulence factors of group A streptococci and their regulation. (Review article). Frontiers in Bioscience. 9: 3399-3433
Ceraul, S.M., D.E. Sonenshine, R.E. Ratzlaff and W. L. Hynes. 2003. An arthropod defensin expressed by the hemocytes of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 33: 1099-1103
Sonenshine, D.E., S. Ceraul, W.L. Hynes, K. Macaluso, and A. Azad. 2002. Expression of defensin-like peptides in tick hemolymph and midgut in response to challenge with Borrelia burgdorferi, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. Proceedings of the 4th Internation Conference on Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens. Alberta, Canada. Exp. Appl. Acarology. 28: 127-134. doi: 10.1023/A:1025354326877
Ceraul, S.M., D.E. Sonenshine, and W.L. Hynes. 2002. Resistance of the tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) following challenge with the bacterium, Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae). J. Med. Ent. 39: 376 – 383
Broadwater, A.H., D.E. Sonenshine, W.L. Hynes, S. Ceraul, and A.M. deSilva. 2002. Glass capillary tube feeding: a method for infecting nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Med. Entomol. 39: 285 – 292
Johns, R.H., D.E. Sonenshine & W.L. Hynes. 2001. Identification of a defensin from the hemolymph of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 31: 857 – 865
Johns, R., J. Ohnishi, A. Broadwater, D.E. Sonenshine, A. deSilva, & W.L. Hynes. 2001. Contrasts in tick immune responses to Borrelia burgdorferi challenge: immunotolerance in Ixodes scapularis (L.) versus immunocompetence in Dermacentor variabilis. J. Med. Entomol. 38: 99 – 107
Johns, R., S. Ceraul, D. Sonenshine, and W. Hynes. 2001. Tick immunity to microbial infections: control of representative bacteria in the hard tick, Dermacentor variabilis (say)(Acari: Ixodidae). pp 638 – 644 In: Acarology Proceedings of the 10th International Congress (Halliday, R.B., D. E. Walter, H.C. Proctor, R.A. Norton and M.J. Colloff eds) CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.
Johns, R.H., D.E. Sonenshine & W.L. Hynes. 2000. Enhancement of OspC expression by Borrelia burgdorferi in the presence of tick hemolymph. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 193: 137-141.
Johns, R., D. Sonenshine, and W. Hynes. 2000. Response of the tick Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) to hemocoelic inoculation of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochetales). J. Med. Entomol. 37: 265-270
Hynes, W.L. and S. Walton. 2000. Hyaluronidases of Gram-Positive Bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 183: 201 – 207.
Hynes, W.L., A.R. Dixon, S. Walton, and L.J. Aridgides. 2000. The extracellular hyaluronidase gene (hylA) of Streptococcus pyogenes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 184: 109-112.
McLaughlin, R.E., J.J. Ferretti, and W.L. Hynes. 1999. Nucleotide sequence of the streptococcin A-FF22 lantibiotic regulon: model for production of the lantibiotic SA-FF22 by strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 175: 171 – 177
Johns, R., D. Sonenshine, and W. Hynes. 1998. Control of bacterial infections in the hard tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae); evidence for the existence of antimicrobial proteins in tick hemolymph. J. Med. Entomol. 35: 458 – 464
Hynes, W.L., L. Hancock and J.J. Ferretti. 1995. Analysis of a second bacteriophage hyaluronidase gene from Streptococcus pyogenes: Evidence for a third hyaluronidase involved in extracellular enzymatic activity. Infect. Immun. 63: 3015-3020
Hynes, W.L. and J.J. Ferretti. 1995. A response regulator gene controls production of the lantibiotic streptococcin A-FF22. In: Genetics of Streptococci, Enterococci and Lactococci (Ferretti, J.J., M.S. Gilmore, T.R. Klaenhammer, and F. Brown eds.). Proceedings of the IVth International Conference on Streptococcal Genetics. Dev. Biol. Stand. Basel, Kager. 85: 635 – 637
Hynes, W.L., H. Malke and J.J. Ferretti. 1994. Expression of a kringle-streptokinase fusion protein in baculovirus-infected insect cells. In: Pathogenic Streptococci: Present and Future Proceedings of the XIIth Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases. (Totolian, A. ed.) pp. 185-186. Lancer Publications, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Hynes, W.L. & J.J. Ferretti. 1994. Assays for Hyaluronidase Activity. In: Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 235 Bacterial Pathogenesis (Clark, V.L. and Bavoil, P.M. eds.). pp. 606-616. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL.
Hynes, W.L. V.L. Friend & J.J. Ferretti. 1994. Duplication of the structural gene in M-type 49 strains of group A streptococci producing streptococcin A-M49. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 4207-4209
Hynes, W.L., J.J. Ferretti & J.R. Tagg. 1993. Cloning of the gene encoding streptococcin A-FF22, a novel lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, and determination of its nucleotide sequence. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 1969-1971
Hynes, W.L., J.J. Ferretti, M.S. Gilmore and R. A Segarra. 1992. PCR amplification of streptococcal DNA using crude cell lysates. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 94: 139-142.
Ferretti, J.J., T.‑T. Huang, W.L. Hynes, H. Malke, D. Simon, A. Suvorov & C.E. Yu. 1991. Extracellular product genes of group A streptococci. In: Genetics of Streptococci, Lactococci and Enterococci (Dunny, G.M., P.P. Cleary and L.L. McKay eds.) pp. 201-205. A.S.M. Washington, D.C.
Hynes, W.L. & J.J. Ferretti. 1989. Sequence analysis and expression in Escherichia coli of the hyaluronidase gene of Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage H4489A. Infect. Immun. 57: 533‑539.
Ferretti, J.J., C.E. Yu, W.L. Hynes & C.R. Weeks. 1987. Molecular characterization of the group A streptococcal exotoxin type A (erythrogenic toxin) gene and product. In: Streptococcal Genetics (Ferretti, J.J. & R. Curtiss III, eds.) pp. 130‑135. A.S.M. Washington, D.C.
Hynes, W.L. & J.J. Ferretti. 1987. Cloning of the hyaluronidase gene from Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage H4489A. In: Streptococcal Genetics (Ferretti, J.J. & R. Curtiss III, eds.) pp. 150‑152. A.S.M. Washington, D.C.
Hynes, W.L., C.R. Weeks, J.J. Iandolo & J.J. Ferretti. 1987. Immunologic cross‑reactivity of type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) and staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C1. Infect. Immun. 55: 837‑838.
Hynes, W.L. & J.R. Tagg. 1986. Proteinase‑related broad‑spectrum inhibitory activity among group A streptococci. J. Med. Microbiol. 22: 257‑264.
Hynes, W.L. & J.R. Tagg. 1986. Role of proteinase in the formation of inhibitory levels of hematin by group A streptococcus cultures on blood‑containing media. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:929‑933.
Hynes, W.L. & J.R. Tagg. 1985. A simple plate assay for detection of group A streptococcus proteinase. J. Microbiol. Methods 4: 25‑31.
Hynes, W.L. & J.R. Tagg. 1985. Production of broad‑spectrum bacteriocin‑like activity by group A streptococci of particular M‑types. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A. 259: 155‑164
Hynes, W.L. & J.R. Tagg. 1984. Bacteriocin‑like activity produced by an M‑type 25 group A streptococcus. Proc. Univ. Otago Med. Sch. 62: 109‑110.*
Wong, H.K., J.R. Tagg & W.L. Hynes. 1981. Bacteriocin‑like inhibitors of group A streptococci produced by group F and G streptococci. Proc. Univ. Otago Med. Sch. 59: 105‑106.*
